More Notes

•  Heir to throne is Caesar's adopted son Octavian
• Octavian takes over at 18 
• starts The Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus 
• Octavian makes Lepidus to retire
• Octavian and Mark Antony become rivals
• Mark Antony works together with Cleopatra (Egypt)
• Octavian defeats them at the Battle of Actium
• Octavian is the unchallenged ruler of Rome
• Given the name "Augustus" (Exalted One)
• Great military commander
• Rome is now an empire, not republic
• Octavian ruled from  27 BC to AD 14
• He began Pax Romana
• Pax Romana lasted 207 years (27 BC- AD 180)
•  Had many accomplishes 
• Expanded Roman Empire into Africa
• Set up civil service 
• Built roads
•  taxes
• postal service
• grain supply
• Built aqueducts + buildings
• Sett up police department
•  fire-fighters
•  Death lead to the age of Emperors
• Good and bad
• Tiberius 
• ruled from AD 14- AD 37
• Excellent general
• The death of his son caused him to exile himself from Rome
• Died at age 77
• Caligula 
• ruled  AD 37 to AD 41 
• Won a power struggle after Tiberius' death
• Cruel tyrant
• He was assassinated 
•  were trying to reestablish the Republic (It didn't work)
• Claudius 
• ruled from AD 41- AD 54
• Suffered from many disabilities (A limp, Stammering, Shaking, Slobbering)
• Took over bc he was the last adult male in the family
• Good ruler
• Built roads, aqueducts, and canals
• He tarted the conquest of Britain
• Died bc of poisoning 
• His wife wanted her son Nero to rise to power
• Nero 
• ruled from 54- 68
• Big fire happened in 64
•  wanted to rebuild Rome
• He overspent then raided temples for money

Stuff

I will be taking the test with section 202 on June 2, at 8:00-8:50 am.

NOTES:

• Tried to keep plebs from revoting
• free grain and circuses to keep them happy
• Tiberius Graccus saw advantages to courting plebs
• gave them land that military had conquered
• Julius Caesar 
• 100-44 BC
• Good general
• Conquered Gaul
• Made common people happy
• Also was liked by the upper class
• Pompey, Crassus, Julius formed triumvirate (3 leaders)
• Caesar served as consul for 1 year 
• Makes himself governor of Gaul 
• Pompey gets jealous, becomes rival
• Armies fight 
• Caesar wins
• Named dictator of Rome for life
• Granted citizenship
• Expanded the Senate
• Jobs for poor (public works projects)
• more money for soldiers
• started colonies with those without land could own property
• Assassination
• Senators saw Caesars rise in power as threat
• stabbed him 23 times
• Senators weren't punished
• Octavian became heir to the throne 
• END OF REPUBLIC

Essay Choice

​C. Describe how the creation of the Roman Empire transformed Roman government, society, economy and culture.

NOTES

• When Rome expanded the gap between rich and poor expanded and caused problems in society
• By 100 BC enslaved people made up 1/3 of Rome's population 
• Small farms couldn't compete so they were sold to large estates and the farmers lost their homes and were jobless
• Tiberius and Gaius were 2 brothers that tried to help poor Roman citizens
• They proposed laws that limited the amount of land that wealthy people could own and gave some land to the poor
• They made many wealthy people angry and had violent deaths
• Tiberius in 133 BC and Gaius in 121 BC
• A period of Civil War followed their deaths
• The republic grew unstable and military generals started taking power for themselves
• In 60 BC a military leader named Julius Caesar joined forces with Crassus and Pompey and he was elected consul in 59 BC
• He was a strong leader and good military strategist 
• Had power for a year and then became governor of Gaul
• Rome ordered that Caesar return home because he was too powerful but he defied them and marched towards Rome with his army
• He had the support of Rome when he returned and he became dictator for life
• He made many reforms
• Granted citizenship to many romans 
• expanded the senate and made allies
• created jobs for the poor
• created colonies fro people without homes and gave them land
• Some nobles feared his influence and power
• Marcus Brutus, and Gaius Cassius plotted his murder and Caesar was killed on March 15, 44 BC
• After his death civil war broke out and ruined the republic
• Caesar's nephew/adopted son, Octavian took power with Mark Antony and Lepidus
• They eventually got jealous of each other and split up
• Mark Antony fell in love with Cleopatra while in Egypt
• Octavian defeated their forces 
• He became ruler of Rome and took the name of Augustus
• From the beginning of his rule Rome flourished, Pax Romana (207 years)
• Rome was over 3 million square miles, 60-80 million people
• Stable gov, new buildings, food, postal system, taxes, civil service
• Died in AD 14
• Big agriculture industry 
• trading was important 
• diverse society
• Slavery was a large part of society
• 1/3 of pop was slaves
• worked in city and farms
• Triumvirate- three leaders working together

Punic Wars

The Punic Wars was fought between Rome and Carthage. There were three separate wars in this time. The wars lasted from 264 B.C. to 146 B.C.. The first war was from 264 B.C. to 241 B.C. and it was a naval battle where Rome and Carthage were fighting over Sicily. Rome won this war and the second one that went from 218 B.C. to 201 B.C. In the second war, Hannibal, Carthage's general tried to cross the Alps with and army and elephants to attach Rome from the North but much of his army died and they were defeated. The third war lasted from 149 B.C. to 146 B.C. Rome wanted to completely destroy Carthage and they burned down the whole territory. The people of Carthage were sold into slavery and the war was finally over.

Rome's tyrant leaders

In Ancient Rome there was a tyrant named Tarquin. When he took control of Rome he was extremely harsh and forced people to follow his beliefs of tyranny. When his grandfather died, his widow appointed Servius Tullias as the new king. One of the daughters killed her husband and sister so that she could marry Tarquin. She convinces Tarquin to kill her father and take the throne. Once in power he was a cenacle leader. His son, Sextus is involved in a scandal and blackmails a girl named, Lucretia and threatens to kill her. She goes along but later tells her family about it. The people of Rome found out and were upset and they kicked Tarquin and his family out of Rome. Rome decided to never become a tyranny ever again. They went over to a system with 2 consuls, kind of like a president. And there government had a legislative branch and a senate like the us. They also had something simian to the judicial branch.

Rome Notes

Who Settled Rome?

• Etruscans
• Came from the north-central part of the peninsula 
• Metalworkers, artists, architects
• Two foundation myths: 
• Virgil’s Aeneid (where Aeneas escapes from Troy - sound familiar?)
• the story of Remus and Romulus
• Greeks
• They had many colonies around the Mediterranean Sea
• Romans borrowed many ideas from them such as:
• Religious beliefs
• alphabet
• Art
• Military techniques and weapons
• Latins (first)
• Descendants of Indo- Europeans
• Settled on the banks of the Tiber River
• Situated so that trading ships, not war fleets could navigate as far as Rome but no further
• a commercial port but not susceptible to attack
• Built on seven hills many streams flowed into the Tiber
• there was a marshy area called the Forum,  between Palatine and Capitoline Hills
• Tarquin the Proud’s grandfather built the Cloaca Maxima (largest ancient drain), which channeled water into the Tiber
• Lucius Tarquinias Superbus was the seventh ad final king of Rome
• Known as Traquin the Proud
• He was a tyrant

Rome By Chi Cago

I thought the rap was honestly a bop. I showed it to my sister and she also liked it. I knew some of the info in it and I knew the tune well. I liked how it had multiple aspects and events of Rome in it. 11/10 would listen again. Mr. Schick did a great job on the rap and I didn't know he could rap so well and actually make a song.

Law & Order video

The plebeians and patricians struggled for power for awhile. The patricians didn't respect the laws that plebeians had made and they would change them often. The plebeians were allowed to form and assembly and were recognized by the patricians. They had a little say in the law but not much. Overtime they got representation and made laws. Finally the laws were written down so that they could not be changed. This was called the Twelve Tables. All of Romes citizens could see the laws and study them so that there would be no confusion over them. They were carved onto wood tablets and then finalized and put onto bronze tablets. This made the Plebeians and patricians equal under law.

Roman Architecture

Here is the Basilica of Maxentius. It is located in Rome, Italy. It was built in 312 AD. It uses archways and columns which is common in Roman architecture.